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Source: Bosworth/Toller, page b0257, entry 44
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ér ere, before. Th. Diplm. A. D. 830; 465, 30. v. r.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0131, entry 70
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ER, old form es, mod. sometimes eð, but usually 'er;' indecl. Particle used as relat. pron. or as relat. adv.; in very old MSS. always es, and rhymed so by old poets; in the 12th century it changed into er. In poems and in law phrases the particle 'es' is suffixed to the pronoun or adverb, as s or z, e. g. thus: as pron., sá's = sá es (so in 'people's Engl.' he as, him as, for he who, etc.), Hkr. iii. 11 (Sighvat); dat. þeim's = þeim es, illi qui, Hm. 3, Fms. vi. 38 (Sighvat); acc. masc. þann'z or þann's = þann es, illum qui, Vsp. 45 (MS.), Od. i, Hm. 44, 120, Hým. 39, Am. 90; neut. þatz = þat es, illud quod, Hm. 39, Am. 37, Hkv. Hjörv. 3, Fms. iii. 9 (Hallfred): as conj. or adv., hvárt'z ... eða = hvárt es ... eða, utrum ... an, Grág. (Ed. 1853); hvárt'z hann vill at reiða eða ..., i. 25, 145, 152, 155, 156, 161, 233, ii. 50: as adv., þegar's = þegar es, as soon as, Grág. (Ed. 1853) i. 94, Am. 30; síðan's = síðan es, since (Old Engl. sithens, sithence), 78; even sem's = sem es, Am. 103; hvar's = hvar es, wherever, 47, Mork. 138, Hm. 138; hve's = hve es, however, 140 (MS. hvers), Skálda 190 (in a verse); þar's = þar es, there where, i. e. where, Grág. i. 46, 153, Hm. 66, Hbl. 60, Gm. 8, Ls. 50, Mork. 18, 34, 37, 62, 170, Skálda 189 (Bragi), Edda (Ht.) 124, where this anastrophe is called bragar-mál, poetical diction; hvarge's = hvarge es, wherever, Grág. ii. 44. The Icel. has no relat. pron. but only the relat. particles er and sem, both of them indecl. in gender, case, and number; in simple sentences the sense (gender etc.) is clear from the context; and the language has certain expedients to meet the deficiency. A. Used as relat. pron. which, who, that: I. used alone, where there is perhaps an ellipse of the demonstrative, er = er hann (þeir, þær, þeim, etc.); GREEK. nom., á þeim bæ, er Abia heitir, 625. 83; Mórðr hét maðr, er kallaðr var Gigja, Nj. 1; hann átti dóttur eina, er Unnr hét, id.; þá skulu þeir, er fær eru (who are) saman, Grág. i. 9; maðr, er þessa þurfi, id.; at þeim svörum, er verða, 19; lið þat, er þeim hafðI þangat fylgt, Fms. i. 62; konur þær, er völfur vóru kallaðar, iii. 212; þeim unga manni, er þar sitr hjá þér, id. GREEK. acc., þingfesti manna þeirra, er (quos) menn vilja sækja, Grág. i. 19; sakar þeirrar, er (quam) ek hefi höfðað, id. GREEK. gen., aðra hluti þá, er (quorum) menn viidu vísir verða, Fms. iii. 212. GREEK. dat., þann einn, er (cui) hann ann lítið, Fms. i. 86. GREEK. joined to a demonstrative; allir Þrændir, þeir er..., all the Th., who..., Fms. i. 62. II. with a prep., which, as often in Engl., is placed at the end of the sentence; er hann kom til, whom he came to; land, er hann kom frá, the land he came from; so Lat. quocum venit = er hann kom með sub quibus = er ... undir; in quibus = er ... i, etc.: the prep, may also be a penultimate, e. g. the phrase, er mér er á ván, wlich I have a hope of; or, er hann var yfir settr, whom he was set over, etc.; this use of the pronoun is undoubtedly elliptical, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun being left out, although the ellipse is not felt; þvengrinn sá er muðrinn Loka var saman rifjaðr með (Kb. omits the prep.), the lace that the mouth of Loki was stitched with, Edda 71; öðrum höfðingjum, þeim er honum þótti liðs at ván (that is to say, þeim, er honum þótti liðs van at þeim), at whose hands, i. e. from whom he thought help likely to come, Fms. i; þeir er ek mæli þetta til ( = er ek mæli þetta til þeirra), those to whom I speak, xi. 12; er engi hefir áðr til orðit, Nj. 190; in stórúðgi jötunn, er ór steini var höfuðit á ( = er ór steini var höfuðit á honum), whose head was of stone. Hbl. 15; því er vér urðum á sáttir, Fms. xi. 34; við glugg þann í loptinu, er fuglinn hafðI áðr við setið. the window close to which the bird sat. Eg.: nokkurum þeim höfðingja, er mér sé eigandi vinátta við (viz. þá). Ö. H. 78: þá sjón, er mér þykir mikils um vert (viz. hana), 74; er mér þat at sýn orðit, er ek hefi opt heyrt frá sagt (= frá því sagt), 57; til vatns þess, er Á en Helga fellr ór, 163: til kirkju þeirra, es bein eru færð til, Grág. i. 13 new Ed. 2.ellipt. the prep, being understood, esp. to avoid the repetition of it; ekirinn sá er brendr vár Ásgarðr (viz. með), Edda (pref.); hann gékk NUM="b0132">

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0131, entry 73
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ER, 3rd pers. pres. is, vide vera.

Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0131, entry 74
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ÉR, pl., and it, dual, spelt ier, Ó. H. 147 (twice), 205, 216 (twice), 227; [Goth. jus = GREEK; A. S. ge; Engl. ye, you; Germ. ihr; Swed.-Dan. I) :-- ye, you. That ér and not þér is the old form is clear from the alliteration of old poems and the spelling of old MSS.: allit., ér munuð allir eiða vinna, Skv. 1. 37; it (GREEK) munut alla eiða vinna, 31; hlaðit ér jarlar eiki-köstinn, Gh. 20; lífit einir ér þátta ættar minnar, Hðm. 4; æðra óðal en ér hafit, Rm. 45 (MS. wrongly þér); ér sjáið undir stórar yðvars Græðara blæða, Lb. 44 (a poem of the beginning of the 13th century). It is often spelt so in Kb. of Sæm.; hvers bíðit ér, Hkv. 2. 4; þó þykkisk ér, Skv. 3. 36; börðusk ér bræðr ungir, Am. 93; urðu-a it glíkir, Gh. 3; ef it, id.; en ér heyrt hafit, Hým. 38; þá er (when) ér, ye, Ls. 51; er it heim komit, Skv. 1. 42: ér knáttuð, Edda 103 (in a verse): in very old MSS. (12th century) no other form was ever used, e.g. er it, 623. 24: þat er ér (that which ye) heyrit, 656 A. 2. 15; ér bræðr ..., mínnisk ér, ye brethren, remember ye, 7; treystisk ér, 623. 32; hræðisk eigi ér, 48. In MSS. of the middle of the 13th century the old form still occurs, e.g. Ó. H., ér hafit, 52; ér skolu, 216; þegar er ér komit, so soon as ye come, 67; sem ér mynit, 119; ér hafit, 141; til hvers er ér erot, that ye are, 151; ef ér vilit heldr, 166; ér erot allir, ye are all, 193; sem ér kunnut, 196; sem ier vilit, 205; sem ér vitoð, as ye know, 165; ef ér vilit, 208; þeim er ér sendoð, those that ye sent, 211: the Heiðarv. S. (MS. of the same time)--unz ér, (Ísl. ii.) 333: ef ér þurfut, 345; er it farit, 346 (twice); allz ér erut, id.; er ér komið, as ye come, id.; en ér sex, but ye six, 347; ok ér, and ye, 361; ér hafit þrásamliga, 363; eða it feðgar, 364: Jómsvík. S.--ef ér, (Fms. xi.) 115, 123: Mork. 9, 63, 70, 98, 103, 106, passim. It even occurs now and then in Njála (Arna-Magn. 468)--ér erut, ye are, 223; hverrar liðveizlu ér þykkisk mest þurfa, 227: ér ertuð hann, Skálda 171; Farið-a ér, fare ye not, Hkr. i. (in a verse). It is still more freq. after a dental ð, t, þ; in old MSS. that give þ for ð it runs thus -- vitoþ ér, hafiþ ér, skoluþ ér, meguþ er, lifiþ ér, etc., wot ye, have ye, shall ye, may ye, live ye, etc.; hence originates by way of diæresis the regular Icel. form þér, common both to old and mod. writers; vide þú, where the other forms will be explained.

Source: Torp, page b0003, entry 3
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aina einer. g. ains einer; an. einn einer, Zahlwort, Adj., Pron.; as. ên, afries. ên, ân, ags. ân (engl. one); ahd. mhd. ein Zahlwort, Adj., Pron., Artikel. Vgl. preuss. ainas, lit. vnas einer; asl. in. - gr. [o)'inh] - lat. oinos, ûnus. - altir. oen. - skr. ena heißt er, dieser: vgl. zend aêva einer.

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       •ainahan (PGmc) is a child entry of aina in Torp's hierarchy.
       •ainalibi (PGmc) is a child entry of aina in Torp's hierarchy.

Cultural category
       • Semantic category: Number

Source: Torp, page b0009, entry 4
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ag, agan ôg agana sich fürchten, ängstigen. g. agan ôg prät.-präs. sich fürchten; an. in agi m. Furcht, ôast fürchten (neugebildet zu *ô = got. ôg), ôgn f. Schrecken, ôtti m. Furcht. Vgl. gr. [a)'xomai] ängstige mich, trauere. - ir. agathar er fürchtet sich.

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       •agis-a (PGmc) is a child entry of ag in Torp's hierarchy.
       •ôgan (PGmc) is a child entry of ag in Torp's hierarchy.

Source: Torp, page b0026, entry 6
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erzia irrend. g. aírzeis verirrt; as. irri zornig, erbittert, ags. ierre, eorre verirrt, zornig; ahd. irri, mhd. irre verirrt. - Dazu ersian, erzian, erziôn: g. aírzjan irre führen, verführen; as. irrian irre führen, ags. iersian zornig machen; ahd. mhd. irren irre machen. Vgl. lat. erro. - gr. [a)'yorros] rückwärts gehend. Grundwurzel er, siehe ar 1.

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Source: Torp, page b0027, entry 4
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i gehen. g. iddja ging. Vgl. ags. eode. Vgl. ksl. iti gehen, präs. id; lit. eimì eti gehen. - gr. [ei)=mi, i)'men, i)e'nai]. - lat. eo, îre. - skr. éti, zend. aêiti er geht.

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       •di (PGmc) is a child entry of i in Torp's hierarchy.
       •ijilian (PGmc) is a child entry of i in Torp's hierarchy.
       •ailô (PGmc) is a child entry of i in Torp's hierarchy.
       •aida (PGmc) is a child entry of i in Torp's hierarchy.
       •airu (PGmc) is a child entry of i in Torp's hierarchy.

Source: Torp, page b0027, entry 10
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i pron. er, nom. m. is, n. it-ô. Vgl. ja. g. is, n. ita er, es. an. es (erstarrter Gen.) rel. Partikel; ahd. er, e&z-hook;, nhd. er, es. Vgl. lat. is, ea, id. - lit. jìs; asl. -j. - skr. i, ayám, iyám, idám dieser.

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       •ida- (PGmc) is a child entry of i in Torp's hierarchy.
       •idura (PGmc) is a child entry of i in Torp's hierarchy.
       •ibai (PGmc) is a child entry of i in Torp's hierarchy.

Source: Torp, page b0034, entry 9
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kabisiô f. Kebse. as. kevis (mnd. keves) Konkubine, ags. ciefes f. dass.; ahd. kebis, chebisa, mhd. kebes, kebese, kebse f. Konkubine, nhd. Kebse. Hierzu an. kefair Sklave (aschwed. kæfsir scheint den Sklaven in seinem Verhältnis zu der Sklavin, mit der er zusammenlebt, zu bezeichnen). Vielleicht eine Ableitung von germ. kefô, kafa Schote (s. kêfala); vgl. mnd. stûve meretrix: nd. stûve Schlauche, Fruchthülse, nhd. Balg scortum und Fruchthülse.

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