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Source: Cleasby/Vigfusson, page b0730, entry 13 View original page image as: [TIFF] [PNG] [View previous entry] [View next entry] |
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ÞAR, adv. [Ulf. þar =GREEK, Matth. vi. 2O, Luke ix. 4; and þaruh, Matth. vi. 21; A.S. þar; Engl. there; O.H.G. darot; Germ. dort; Dan. der :-- there, at that place; vera, standa, sitja, lifa, ... þar, passim; þar var Rútr ... þar var fjölmenni mikit, Nj. 2; ok sett þar yfir altari, Fms. vi. 444; þar í Danmörk, xi. 19; þar innan hirðar, id.; koma þar, to be come there, arrive, Eg. 43; hen kom aldri vestr þar (westward thither) síðan, Nj. 14; skal þar kirkju göra sem biskup vill, K.Þ.K. 42; þar er, þar sem, there where, where? þá er þeim rétt at sitja þar er þeir þykkisk helzt mega lúka dómi sínum, Grág. i. 68; þar er sá maðr er í þingi, 151; beit af höndina þar er heitir úlfliðr, Edda 17, K.Þ.K. 42, N.G.L. i. 98, Fms. xi. 19, and passim (see er, sem): of time, nú kemr þar misserum, now the seasons come to that point, Fms. xi. 19. 2. metaph. usages; lýkr þar viðskiptum þeirra, Eg. 750; brutu þar skipit, 'þar' varð mann-björg, Nj. 282; lúku vér þar Brennu-Njáls sögu, id.; þar at eins er sá maðr arfgengr, er ..., Grág. i. 225; þar er, where, in case, when; þar er menn selja hross sín, 139; þar er maðr tekr sókn eða vörn, 141; þykkjumk vér þar til mikils færir, 655 xi. 3; þar er þeir mætti vel duga hvárir oðrum, 655 xxi. 3; lát sem þú þykkisk þar allt eiga er konungrinn er, make as though thou thoughtest that all thy hope was there where the king is, Fms. xi. 112; eru menn hér nú til vel fallnir þar sem vit Hallbjörn erum, Nj. 225; þar hefi ek sét marga dýrliga hluti yfir honum, 623. 55; þú görir þik góðan, þar sem þú ert þjófr ok morðingi, 'there that thou art.' i.e. thou who art! Nj. 74. II. with prep.; þar af, therefrom, thence, Ld. 82; vil ek þess biðja at Egill nái þar af lögum, Eg. 523; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, 546; kunna mun ek þar af at segja, Edda 17; hús stendr þar út við garðinn, ok rýkr þar af upp, Lv. 47: þar at, thereat, 623. 57: þar á, thereupon, Eg. 125: þar til, thereunto, until, till, Nj. 11, Fms. vi. 232: þar um, thereon, Ld. 164; ver eigi þar um hugsjúkr, Fms. vii. 104: þar undir, there underneath, vi. 411: þar yfir, there above, 444: þar við, therewith, by that, 396, viii. 56: þar næst, there next, Eg. 512: nefndi til þess skipstjórnar-menn, ek þar næst stafnbúa, 33: þar á, thereon, thereupon, Edda 37; þar á ofan, thereupon, i.e. moreover, Eg. 415; þar upp á, thereupon, Dipl. ii. 13: þar eptir, thereafter, Rd. 248; hugsaði, at þar eptir (accordingly) mundi fara hennar vit, Fms. vi. 71; þar út í frá, furthermore, vii. 157: þar fyrir, therefore. Eg. 419, Fms. vii. 176, passim: þar í, therein, Eg. 125: þar í mót, there against, in return, Grág. ii. 169: þar með, therewith, Fms. iv. 110, Ld. 52: heita á Guð ok þar með á hinn heilaga Ólaf konung, therewith, i.e. besides, Fms. vi. 145; seldi Árni Birni Ytri-Borg, ok þar með hálft Ásbjarnarnes, Dipl. v. 26: þar á milli, there between, Fms. xi. 85; ok eru menn alnir þar á milli, in the mean time, Grág. i. 117: þar or (Jþar ör Ed.), therefrom, thereout of, Fms. vi. 378.
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A.
is
the
first
letter
in
all
the
alphabets
of
Phenician
extraction.
The
Runic
alphabet,
being
confused
and
arbitrary,
makes
the
sole
exception
to
this
rule.
A.
PRONUNCIATION:
it
is
either
simple
(a)
or
diphthongal
(á).
The
simple
a
is
pronounced
long
or
short;
when
long
it
is
sounded
like
the
long
Italian
a
as
in
padre,
or
as
in
Engl.
father;
when
short,
like
the
short
Italian
a
as
in
cambio,
or
as
in
Engl.
marry.
The
á
--
though
in
grammars
commonly
called
a
long
vowel
--
is
phonetically
diphthongal
(a
+
u),
and
sounds
like
Engl.
ou
or
ow:
Engl.
thou
and
Icel.
þá,
now
and
ná,
have
almost
the
same
sound.
Again
a
and
á
have,
like
all
other
vowels,
diph-
thongs
or
simple,
a
deep,
full
chest-sound
if
followed
by
a
single
consonant,
or
by
more
than
one
weak
consonant
(a
liquid
followed
by
a
media).
They
sound
short
if
followed
by
two
or
more
strong
consonants
(a
double
mute
or
liquid):
thus
the
a
and
á
sound
long
in
tál,
sermo;
sát,
sedebat;
mán,
mancipium;
tál,
dolus;
ár,
remits;
sát,
sessio,
hátr,
odium;
hárðr,
durus;
káldr,
frigidus;
vándr,
difficilis;
támdr,
domitus,
etc.
But
short
in
hátt,
pileum;
hátt,
modum;
mánn,
bominem;
bánn,
interdictum;
háll,
lubricus;
kált,
frigidum;
rámt,
acidum;
hárt,
durum;
vánt,
assuetum,
etc.;
the
consonants
shortening
the
sound
of
the
preceding
vowel.
The
a
is
also
short
in
all
endings,
verbal
or
nominal,
tala,
talar,
talaða,
dixi;
talast,
dicitur;
vaka,
vigilia;
fagran,
pulchrum,
etc.
Etymologically
a
distinction
must
be
made
between
the
primitive
á,
as
in
sátu
(sedebant),
átu
(edebant),
gátu
(poterant),
and
the
á
produced
by
suppressing
consonants;
either
nasals,
as
in
á,
ást,
áss,
báss,
gás,
=
an,
anst,
ans,
bans,
gans;
or
gutturals,
h,
g,
k,
as
in
á
(aqua),
sá
(videbat),
lá
(jacebat),
má
(debet),
nátt
(nox),
dráttr
(tractus),
and
a
great
many
others;
or
labials,
v,
f,
as
in
á
=
af,
áir
=
afr,
hár
but
háfan;
or
dentals,
as
in
nál
(acus)
[Goth.
nepla,
Engl.
needle],
vál
(ambitus,
mendicitas)
[A.
S.
vädl],
etc.
In
very
early
times
there
was
no
doubt
an
audible
distinction
between
these
two
kinds
of
á,
which
however
is
not
observed
even
by
the
earliest
poets,
those
of
the
10th
century.
The
marking
of
the
diphthongal
vowels
with
an
acute
accent
is
due
to
the
Icelandic
philologist
Thorodd
(circa
1080-1140),
and
was
probably
an
imitation
of
Anglo-Saxon.
The
circumflex,
applied
by
Jacob
Grimm,
is
unknown
to
Icel.
authors
of
whatever
age.
Thorodd,
in
his
treatise
on
the
vowels
(Skálda,
pp.
160
sqq.),
distinguishes
between
three
kinds
of
vowels,
viz.
short,
long
(i.
e.
diphthongal),
and
nasal.
The
long
ones
he
proposes
to
mark
with
an
acute
(
);
the
nasals
by
a
dot
above
the
line
(•).
The
vowels
of
his
alphabet
are
thirty-six
in
number.
According
to
his
rule
we
should
have
to
write,
af
(ex),
át
(esus),
ä
(in).
No
doubt
the
a
was
also
nasal
in
the
verbs
and
the
weak
nouns,
komå
(=
koman),
augä
(gen.);
and
also
when
followed
by
an
n,
e.
g.
vänr
(assuefactus).
The
distinctive
marking
of
the
nasals
never
came
into
practice,
and
their
proper
sound
also
disappeared;
neither
is
this
distinction
observed
by
the
poets
in
their
rhymes.
The
marking
of
the
diphthongal
vowels
--
either
the
primitive
vowels
or
those
formed
by
agglutination
--
by
an
acute
accent,
according
to
the
rule
of
Thorodd,
is
indeed
used
in
a
very
few
old
Icel.
parchment
fragments
of
the
12th
century.
The
only
MS.
of
any
considerable
length
which
strictly
observes
this
distinction
is
the
Ann.
Reg.
Ísl.
2087.
4b.
Royal
Libr.
Copenhagen,
written
in
Icel.
at
the
end
of
the
13th
century.
In
the
great
bulk
of
MSS.
both
kinds
of
vowels
are
treated
alike,
as
in
Latin.
About
the
middle
of
the
14th
century
the
doubling
of
vowels,
especially
that
of
aa
()
=
á,
came
into
use,
and
was
employed
through
more
than
three
centuries,
until
about
1770
the
Icelanders
resumed
the
spelling
of
Thorodd,
marking
diphthongal
vowels
by
an
acute
accent,
but
following
the
rules
of
modern
pronunciation.
The
diphthong
au
--
in
Norse
freq.
spelt
ou
--
has
at
present
in
Icel.
a
peculiar
sound,
answering
to
äu
or
eu
in
German,
and
nearly
to
Engl.
oi.
The
Norse
pronunciation
is
different
and
perhaps
more
genuine.
B.
CHANGES.
I.
a
changes
into
æ,
á
into
Æ:
this
change
--
a
part
of
a
more
general
transformation,
by
Grimm
termed
umlaut,
'vowel-change'
--
is
common
to
all
the
Teutonic
idioms,
except
the
Gothic
(v.
letter
E
and
Æ).
II.
a
changes
into
ö
(),
á
into
:
this
transformation
is
peculiar
to
the
Scandinavian
branch,
esp.
the
Icelandic
idiom,
where
it
is
carried
on
to
the
fullest
extent
--
in
old
Swedish
and
Danish
its
use
was
scanty
and
limited.
It
takes
place,
1.
in
monosyllabic
nouns
with
a
for
their
radical
vowel,
.
feminines,
öld,
periodus;
önd,
anima;
örk,
arca;
för,
iter;
höll,
aula;
hönd,
manus;
sök,
causa,
etc.
.
adjectives
in
fem.
sing,
and
in
neut.
pl.,
öll,
tota;
fögr,
pulchra;
hörð,
dura;
hölt,
clauda;
sönn,
vera;
from
allr,
etc.
.
in
plur.
neut.,
bönd,
vincula;
börn,
GREEK;
lönd,
terrae;
from
band,
etc.
.
in
singular
masculines
with
a
suppressed
u
in
the
root,
hjörtr,
cervus;
fjörðr,
sinus;
björn,
ursus;
örn,
aquila,
etc.
2.
in
dissyllables
a
radical
a,
when
followed
by
a
final
u
(-u,
-ur,
-um,
etc.),
in
Icel.
constantly
changes
into
ö,
--
öllum,
cunctis;
mönnum,
hominibus;
köllum,
vocamus;
vökum,
vigiliis
and
vigilamus;
vökur,
vigiliae,
etc.
Danes
and
Swedes
here
retained
the
a;
so
did
a
great
part
of
Norway.
The
change
only
prevailed
in
the
west
of
Norway
and
the
whole
of
Iceland.
Some
Norse
MSS.
therefore
con-
stantly
keep
a
in
those
cases,
e.
g.
Cd.
Ups.
De
la
Gard.
8
(Ed.
C.
R.
Unger,
1849),
which
spells
allum,
cunctis;
hafuð,
caput;
jafur,
rex;
andverðr,
adversus;
afund,
invidia,
etc.
(v.
Pref.
viii.)
Other
Norse
MSS.
spell
a
and
ö
promiscuously;
allum
or
öllum,
kallum
or
köllum.
In
Icel.
this
change
prevailed
about
the
year
1000.
Even
at
the
end
of
the
loth
century
we
still
frequently
meet
with
rhymes
such
as
barð
--
jarðu,
þang
--
langu,
etc.
3.
a
in
inflexions,
in
penultimate
syllables,
if
followed
by
u,
changes
into
u
(or
ö);
thus
keisurum,
caesaribus;
vitrurum,
sapienti-
oribus;
hörðurum,
durioribus;
hörðustum,
durissimis:
pret.
pl.,
sköpuðu,
creabant;
töluðu,
dicebant;
orrustu,
pugnam.
In
part.
pass.
fem.
sing,
and
neut.
pl.,
sköpuð,
creata;
töluð,
dicta;
töpuð,
perdi/
a.
Neut.
pl.
in
words,
as
sumur,
aestates;
heruð,
pagi.
This
change
is
peculiar
to
Iceland,
and
is
altogether
strange
to
Norse
MSS.,
where
we
constantly
find
such
forms
as
ætlaðu,
putabant;
gnagaðu,
mordebant;
aukaðu,
augebant;
skapað,
creata;
kallað,
dicta;
skaparum,
tapaðum,
ágætastum,
harðarum,
skín-
andum;
kunnastu,
artem,
etc.
This
difference,
as
it
frequently
oc-
curred
at
early
times,
soon
gave
the
Icel.
idiom
a
peculiar
and
strange
sound,
--
amarunt
would,
in
Icelandic,
be
ömurunt.
Norse
phrases
--
as
með
bænum
ok
fastu
(fostu)
hafðu
(höfðu)
með
sér
vaxljós,
ok
dýrkaðu
(dýrkuðu)
þa
hælgu
hátíð
með
fastu
(föstu)
ok
vaktu
(vöktu)
þar
um
nóttina
með
margum
(mörgum)
aðrum
(öðrum)
vanfærum
mannum
(monnum),
O.
H.
L.
87
--
sound
uncouth
and
strange
to
Icel.
ears;
and
so
no
doubt
did
the
Icel.
vowel
transformations
to
Norse
ears.
4.
endings
in
-an,
-all,
e.
g.
feminines
in
-an,
as
hugsan,
ætlan,
iðran,
frequently
change
into
-un,
--
hugsun,
ætlun,
iðrun,
and
are
now
always
used
so:
gamall,
vetus,
f.
gömul;
einsamall,
solus,
f.
ein-
sömul.
In
modern
Norse,
gomol,
eismol
(Ivar
Aasen);
atall,
atrox;
ötull,
strenuus;
svikall,
perfidus,
and
svikull;
þrifnaðr,
mundities,
and
þrifnuðr,
etc.
5.
in
the
cases
correlative
to
II.
1,
2,
the
á
in
its
turn
changes
into
a
vowel,
by
Thorodd
marked
;
this
vowel
change
seems
to
have
been
settled
about
the
beginning
of
the
11th
century,
and
prevailed
in
Iceland
during
the
12th,
being
constantly
employed
in
MSS.
of
that
time;
about
the
end
of
that
century,
however,
and
the
beginning
of
the
next,
it
fell
off,
and
at
last
became
extinct.
Its
phonetical
value,
therefore,
cannot
now
be
precisely
stated:
it
no
doubt
had
an
interme-
diate
sound
between
á
and
ó,
such
as
ö
(oo)
has
between
a
and
o.
Thorodd
proposed
to
mark
the
short
'umlaut'
ö
by
;
and
the
vowel
change
of
á
by
(in
the
MSS.
however
commonly
written
).
INSTANCES:
fcm.,
,
amnis;
st,
amor;
l,
funis;
r,
remits;
lg,
lignum;
skr,
libel-
lus;
stt,
pax;
sl,
anima;
nl,
acus;
vn,
spes:
masc.,
httr,
modus;
þrðr,
fîlum;
þttr,
funis;
mttr,
vis;
ss,
deus;
rr,
nuntius:
neut.
pl.,
sr,
vulnera;
tr,
GREEK;
ml,
dicta;
rð,
consilia;
vr,
vera:
adj.
fem,
and
neut.,
koát,
læta;
f,
pauca;
sm,
parva;
h,
alta;
fm,
paucis;
hm,
altis:
verbs,
s,
videbant
(but
sá,
videbat);
gtu,
capie-
bant;
tu,
edebant
(but
at,
edebat),
etc.:
v.
Frump.
26-28:
e.
g.
sár
(vulnus)
veitti
maðr
mer
eitt
(unum),
sr
mörg
(multa
vulnera)
veitta
ek
hánum,
Skálda
(Thorodd),
162;
l
(=
öl,
cerevisia)
er
drykkr,
l
er
band
(vinculum),
id.
163;
tungan
er
málinu
vn
(=
vön,
assuefacta),
en
at
tönnunum
er
bitsins
vn
(morsils
exspectatio),
id.:
frequently
in
the
Grágás,
lýsa
sár
sitt
(vulnus)
eðr
sr
(vulnera)
ef
fleiri
eru,
Kb.
i.
151;
sr
en
minni
(vulnera
leviora),
170;
en
meire
sr
(graviora),
174;
síðan
es
sr
eða
ben
voru
lýst,
175;
engi
sr
(nulla
vulnera),
sr,
and
rð,
176,
177;
ml,
ii.
51;
vr,
158,
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The following entry has been hand-corrected once. [Report an error] |
-A
or
-AT
or
-T,
a
negative
suffix
to
verbs,
peculiar
to
Iceland
and
a
part,
at
least,
of
Norway.
Occurs
frequently
in
old
Icelandic
poetry
and
laws,
so
as
almost
to
form
a
complete
negative
voice.
In
the
1st
pers.
a
personal
pronoun
k
(g)
=
ek
is
inserted
before
the
negative
suffix,
in
the
2nd
pers.
a
t
or
tt.
As
a
rule
the
pron.
as
thus
repeated;
má-k-at-ek,
non
possum;
sé-k-at-ek,
non
video;
hef-k-at-ek,
non
habeo;
skal-k-at-ek;
vil-k-at-ek,
nolo;
mon-k-at-ek,
non
ero,
etc.:
2nd
pers.
skal-t-at-tu;
mon-t-at-tu;
gaf-t-at-tu,
non
dabas:
and
after
a
long
vowel
a
tt,
mátt-at-
tu,
sátt-at-tu;
so
almost
invariably
in
all
monosyllabic
verbal
forms;
but
not
so
in
bisyllabic
ones,
máttir-a-þú,
non
poteras:
yet
in
some
instances
in
the
1st
pers.
a
pronominal
g
is
inserted,
e.
g.
bjargi-g-a-k,
verbally
servem
ego
non
ego;
höggvi-g-a-k,
non
cædam;
stöðvi-g-a-k,
quin
sistam;
vildi-g-a-k,
nolui;
hafði-g-a-k,
non
babui;
mátti-g-a-k,
non
potui;
görði-g-a-k,
non
feci:
if
the
verb
has
gg
as
final
radical
con-
sonants,
they
change
into
kk,
e.
g.
þikk-at-ek
=
þigg-k-at-ek,
nolo
accipere.
In
the
3rd
pers.
a
and
at
or
t
are
used
indifferently,
t
being
particularly
suffixed
to
bisyllabic
verbal
flexions
ending
in
a
vowel,
in
order
to
avoid
an
hiatus,
--
skal-at
or
skal-a,
non
erit;
but
skolo-t,
non
sunto:
forms
with
an
hiatus,
however,
occur,
--
bítí-a,
non
mordat;
renni-a,
ne
currat;
skríði-a,
id.;
leti-a,
ne
retardet;
vaeri-a,
ne
esset;
urðu-a,
non
erant;
but
bíti-t,
renni-t,
skríði-t,
urðu-t
are
more
current
forms:
v.
Lex.
Poët.
The
negative
suffix
is
almost
peculiar
to
indic.,
conj.,
and
imperat.
moods;
the
neg.
infin.
hardly
occurs.
Nothing
analogous
to
this
form
is
to
be
found
in
any
South-Teutonic
idiom;
neither
do
there
remain
any
traces
of
its
having
been
used
in
Sweden
or
Denmark.
A
single
exception
is
the
Runic
verse
on
a
stone
monument
in
Öland,
an
old
Danish
province,
now
Swedish,
where
however
the
inscriptions
may
proceed
from
a
Norse
or
Icel.
hand.
The
Runic
inscriptions
run
thus,
sár
aigi
flo,
who
did
not
fly,
old
Icel.
'flo-at,'
Baut.
1169.
Neither
does
it
occur
in
any
Norse
prose
monuments
(laws):
but
its
use
may
yet
be
inferred
from
its
occurrence
in
Norse
poets
of
the
10th
century,
e.
g.
the
poets
Eyvind
and
Thiodolf;
some
of
which
instances,
however,
may
be
due
to
their
being
transmitted
through
Icel.
oral
tradition.
In
Bragi
Gamli
(9th
century)
it
occurs
twice
or
thrice;
in
the
Haustlöng
four
times,
in
Ynglingatal
four
times,
in
Hákonarmál
once
(all
Norse
poems
of
the
10th
century).
In
Icel.
the
suffixed
negation
was
in
full
force
through
the
whole
of
the
10th
century.
A
slight
difference
in
idioms,
however,
may
be
observed:
Völuspá,
e.
g.,
prefers
the
negation
by
né
(using
vas-at
only
once,
verse
3).
In
the
old
Hávamal
the
suffix
abounds
(being
used
thirty-five
times),
see
the
verses
6,
10,
11,
18,
26,
29,
30,
34,
37-39,
49,
51,
52,
68,
74,
88,
113-115,
126-128,
130,
134,
136,
147,
149,
151,
153,
159.
In
Skírnismál,
Harbarðsljóð,
Lokasenna
--
all
these
poems
probably
composed
by
the
same
author,
and
not
before
the
loth
century
--
about
thirty
times,
viz.
Hbl.
3,
4,
8,
14,
26,
35,
56;
Skm.
5,
18,
22;
Ls.
15,
16,
18,
25,
28,
30,
36,
42,
47,
49,
56,
60,
62.
Egil
(born
circa
900,
died
circa
990)
abounds
in
the
use
of
the
suffixed
neg.
(he
most
commonly
avails
himself
of
-at,
-gi,
or
né;
so,
too,
does
Hallfred
(born
circa
968,
died
1008),
Einar
Skálaglam
in
Vellekla
(circa
940-995),
and
Thorarin
in
the
Máhlíðingavísur
(com-
posed
in
the
year
981);
and
in
the
few
epigrams
relating
to
the
introduc-
tion
of
Christianity
in
Icel.
(995-1000)
there
occur
mon-k-að-ek,
tek-
k-at-ek,
vil-k-at-ek,
hlífði-t,
mon-a,
es-a;
cp.
the
Kristni
S.
and
Njala.
From
this
time,
however,
its
use
becomes
more
rare.
Sighvat
(born
circa
995,
died
1040)
still
makes
a
frequent
but
not
exclusive
use
of
it.
Sub-
sequent
poets
use
it
now
and
then
as
an
epic
form,
until
it
disappeared
almost
entirely
in
poetry
at
the
middle
or
end
of
the
13th
century.
In
the
Sólarljóð
there
is
not
a
single
instance.
The
verses
of
some
of
our
Sagas
are
probably
later
than
the
Sagas
themselves;
the
greatest
part
of
the
Völsungakviður
are
scarcely
older
than
the
11th
century.
In
all
these
-at
and
conj.
eigi
are
used
indifferently.
In
prose
the
laws
continued
to
employ
the
old
forms
long
after
they
were
abolished
in
common
prose.
The
suffixed
verbal
negation
was
used,
a.
in
the
delivering
of
the
oath
in
the
Icel.
Courts,
esp.
the
Fifth
Court,
instituted
about
the
year
1004;
and
it
seems
to
have
been
used
through
the
whole
of
the
Icel.
Commonwealth
(till
the
year
1272).
The
oath
of
the
Fifth
(High)
Court,
as
preserved
in
the
Grágás,
runs
in
the
1st
pers.,
hefka
ek
fé
borit
í
dóm
þenna
til
liðs
mér
um
sök
þessa,
ok
ek
monka
bjóða,
hefka
ek
fundit,
ok
monka
ek
finna,
hvárki
til
laga
né
ólaga,
p.
79;
and
again
p.
81,
only
different
as
to
ek
hefka,
ek
monka
(new
Ed.):
3rd
pers.,
hefirat
hann
fé;
borit
í
dóm
þenna
ok
monat
hann
bjóða,
ok
hefirat
hann
fundit,
ok
monat
hann
tinna,
80,
81;
cp.
also
82,
and
Nj.
l.
c.
ch.
145,
where
it
is
interesting
to
observe
that
the
author
confounds
the
ist
and
3rd
persons,
a
sign
of
decay
in
grammatical
form.
.
the
Speaker
(lögsögumaðr),
in
publicly
reciting
and
explaining
the
law,
and
speaking
in
the
name
of
the
law,
from
the
Hill
of
Laws
(lögberg),
frequently
employed
the
old
form,
esp.
in
the
legal
words
of
command
es
and
skal
(yet
seldom
in
plur.):
erat
in
the
dictatorial
phrases,
erat
skyldr
(skylt),
non
esto
obligatus;
erat
land-
eigandi
skyldr,
Grág.
(Kb.)
i.
17;
erat
hinn
skyldr,
21;
yngri
maðr
era
skyldr
at
fasta,
35;
enda
erat
honum
þá
skylt
at
...,
48;
erat
þat
sakar
spell,
127;
era
hinn
þá
skyldr
at
lýsa,
154;
erat
hann
framar
skyldr
sak-
ráða,
216;
ok
erat
hann
skyldr
at
ábyrgjask
þat
fé,
238;
ok
erat
hann
skyldr,
id.;
ok
erat
sakar
aðili
ella
skyldr,
ii.
74;
erat
hinn
skyldr
við
at
taka,
142;
erat
manni
skylt
at
taka
búfé,
143;
enda
erat
heimting
til
fjár
þess,
169;
era
hann
þá
skyldr
at
taka
við
í
öðru
fé
nema
hann
vili,
209;
ok
erat
þeim
skylt
at
tíunda
fé
sitt,
211;
ok
erat
hann
skyldr
at
gjalda
tíund
af
því,
212;
erat
kirkjudrottinn
þá
skyldr,
228;
ef
hann
erat
landeigaadi,
i.
136.
Skalat:
skalat
maðr
eiga
fó
óborit,
i.
23;
skalat
homum
þat
verða
optar
en
um
siun,
55;
skalat
maðr
ryðja
við
sjálfan
sik,
62;
skalat
hann
þat
svá
dvelja,
68;
skalat
hann
til
véfangs
ganga,
71;
skalat
aðilja
í
stefnuvætti
hafa,
127;
ok
skala
hann
gjalda
fyrir
þat,
135;
ok
skalat
hann
með
sök
fara,
171;
enda
skalat
hann
fleirum
baugum
bœta,
199;
skalat
hann
skilja
félagit,
240;
skalat
hann
meiri
skuld
eiga
en,
ii.
4;
skalat
þeim
meðan
á
brott
skipta,
5;
skalat
hann
lögvillr
verða,
svá,
34;
skalat
hon
at
heldr
varðveita
þat
fé,
59;
í
skalat
enn
sami
maðr
þar
lengr
vera,
71;
ok
skala
honum
bæta
þat,
79;
skalat
fyl
telja,
89;
skalat
hann
banna
fiskför,
123;
skalat
hann
lóga
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fé því á engi veg, 158; skalat drepa þá menn, 167; skalat svá skipta manneldi, 173; skalat maðr reiðast við fjórðungi vísu, 183. Plur.: skolut menn andvitni bera ok hér á þingi, i. 68; skolut mál hans standast, 71; skolut þeir færi til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. Other instances are rare: tekrat þar fé er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9; ok um telrat þat til sakbóta, ok of telrat þá til sakbóta (it does not count), 178; ef hann villat (will not) lýsa sár sitt, 51; ok ræðrat hann öðrum mönnum á hendr þann úmaga, 248; ræðrat sá sínum ómögum á hendr, ii. 18; verðrat honum at sakarspelli and verðrat honum þat at s., i. 63; verðrat honum þat at sakarvörn, 149; kömrat hann öðru við, ii. 141; þarfat hann bíða til þess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann frá aðra aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Reflexive form: kömskat hann til heimtingar um þat fé, he loses the claim to the money, ii. 180, etc. All these instances are taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm. Head, Viga-Glum, pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath -- vask-at-ek þar, vák-at-ek þar, rauðk-at-ek þar odd ok egg -- said, vask at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the sense by dropping the intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and þar, and pronouncing ??? instead of ???. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af vöru, sleikði um þvöru, Fs. 159; veldrat sá er varir, Nj. 61 (now com- monly ekki veldr sá er v., so in Grett.); erat héra at borgnara þótt hœna beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu á ísi, 19: also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age -- erat vinum líft Ingimtmdar, Fs. 39; erat sjá draumr minni, Ld. 128. Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: því at ek sékk-a þess meiri þörf, because í do not see any more reason for this, Skálda 167; kannka ek til þess meiri ráð en lítil, I do not know, id.; mona (will not) mín móna (my mammy) við mik göra verst hjóna, 163. In sacred translations of the 12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and Dialogues of Gregory the Great: monatþu í því flóði verða, thou shalt not; esa þat undarligt þótt, it is not to be wondered at; hann máttia sofna, he could not sleep; moncaþ ek banna, I shall not mind, Greg. 51, 53; vasal kall heyrt á strætum, was not, Post. 645. 84; nú mona fríðir menn hér koma, Niðrst. 623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS. A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44, 108; and about as many times in the MS. Eir- spennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is the right form may be inferred from the assimilation in at- t w, and the anastrophe in t, though the reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained. The coincidence with the Scottish dinna, canna is quite accidental.]
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lawed)
af
Noregi,
where
ór
would
be
more
regular,
344;
af
Islandi,
of
a
traveller,
Fms.
x.
3;
búa
her
af
báðum
ríkjunum,
to
take
a
levy
from,
51;
hinir
beztu
bændr
ór
Norðlendingafjórðungi
ok
af
Sunnlendingafjórðungi,
the
most
eminent
Southerners
and
Northerners,
113;
Gizzurr
gékk
af
útsuðri
at
gerðinu,
from
south-west,
Sturl.
ii.
219;
prestar
af
hváru-
tveggja
biskupsdæmi,
from
either
diocess,
Dipl.
ii.
11;
verða
tekinn
af
heimi,
to
be
taken
out
of
the
world,
623.
21;
gruflar
hon
af
læknum,
scrambles
out
of
the
brook,
Ísl.
ii.
340;
Egill
kneyfði
af
horninu
í
einum
drykk,
drained
off
the
horn
at
one
draught,
literally
squeezed
every
drop
out
of
it,
Eg.
557;
brottuaf
herbúðunurn,
Fms.
x.
343.
of
things
more
or
less
surrounding
the
subject,
corresp.
to
yfir
or
um;
láta
þeir
þegar
af
sér
tjöldin,
break
off,
take
down
the
tents
in
preparing
for
battle,
Eg.
261;
kyrtillinn
rifnaði
af
honum,
his
coat
burst,
caused
by
the
swollen
body,
602;
hann
hafði
leyst
af
sér
skúa
sína,
he
untied
his
shoes
(but
binda
á
sik),
716;
Steinarr
vildi
slíta
hann
af
sér,
throw
him
off,
of
one
clinging
to
one's
body,
747;
tók
Gísli
þá
af
sér
vápnin,
took
off
his
arms,
Fms.
vii.
39.
Of
putting
off
clothes;
fara
af
kápu,
Nj.
143;
far
þú
eigi
af
brynjunni,
Bs.
i.
541;
þá
ætlaði
Sigurðr
at
fara
af
bryn-
junni,
id.;
þá
var
Skarphóðinn
flettr
af
klæðunum,
Nj.
209:
now
more
usually
fara
or
klæðum,
fötum,
exuere,
to
undress.
.
con-
nected
with
út;
föstudaginn
for
út
herrinn
af
borginni,
marched
out
of
the
town,
Nj.
274;
ganga
út
af
kirkjunni,
to
go
out
of
the
church,
now
út
úr,
Fms.
vii.
107:
drekki
hann
af
þeirri
jörðunni,
of
something
impregnated
with
the
earth,
Laekn.
402.
.
more
closely
corresponding
to
frá,
being
in
such
cases
a
Latinism
(now
frá);
bréf
af
páfa,
a
pope's
bull,
Fms.
x.
6;
rit
af
hánum,
letter
from
him,
623.
52;
bréf
af
Magnúsi
konungi,
a
letter
from
king
Magnus,
Bs.
i.
712;
farið
þér
á
brautu
af
mér
í
eilífan
eld,
Hom.
143;
brott
af
drottins
augliti,
Stj.
43.
.
denoting
an
uninterrupted
continuity,
in
such
phrases
as
land
aflandi,
from
land
to
land,
Eg.
343,
Fas.
ii.
539;
skip
af
skipl.
from
ship
to
ship,
Fms.
v.
10;
brann
hvat
af
öðru,
one
after
another,
of
an
increasing
fire,
destroying
everything,
i.
128;
brandr
af
brandi
brenn,
funi
kveykist
af
funa,
one
from
another,
Hm.
56;
hverr
af
öðrum,
one
after
another,
in
succession,
also
hverr
at
öðrum,
Eb.
272,
280
(where
at
in
both
passages).
2.
metaph.,
at
ganga
af
e-m
dauðum,
to
go
from,
leave
one
dead
on
the
spot,
of
two
combatants;
en
hann
segiz
bani
hins
ef
hann
gekk
af
dauðum
manni,
Grág.
ii.
88,
Hkr.
1.
327;
undr
þykir
mér
er
bróðir
þinn
vildi
eigi
taka
af
þér
starf
þetta,
would
not
take
this
toil
from
thee,
Nj.
77;
þegnar
hans
glöddust
af
honum,
were
fain
of
him,
Fms.
x.
380;
at
koma
þeim
manni
af
sér
er
settr
var
á
fé
hans,
to
get
rid
of,
Ld.
52;
vil
ek
þú
vinriir
af
þér
skuldina,
work
off
the
debt,
Njarð.
366;
reka
af
sér,
to
repel,
Sturl.
ii.
219;
hann
á
þá
sonu
er
aldri
munu
af
oss
ganga,
who
will
never
leave
us,
whom
we
shall
never
get
rid
of,
Fas.
i.
280;
leysa
e-n
af
e-u,
to
relieve,
64;
taka
e-n
af
lífi,
to
kill,
Eg.
48,
416,
Nj.
126;
af
lífdögum,
Fms.
vii.
204;
ek
mun
ná
lögum
af
því
???,
get
the
benefit
of
the
law
in
this
case,
Eg.
468;
muntu
enga
sætt
af
mér
fá,
no
peace
at
my
hand,
414;
rísa
af
dauða,
to
rise
from
death,
Fms.
ii.
142;
guð
bætti
honum
þó
af
þessi
sótt,
healed
him
of
this
sickness,
ix.
390;
vakna
af
sýn,
draumi,
svefni,
to
awaken
from
a
vision,
dream,
sleep,
655
xxxii.
I,
Gísl.
24,
Eb.
192,
Fas.
i.
41.
Rather
with
the
notion
out
of,
in
the
phrase
af
sér
etc.,
e.
g.
sýna
e-t
af
scr,
to
shew,
exhibit
a
disposition
for
or
against,
Ld.
18;
gera
mikit
af
sér,
to
shew
great
prowess,
Ísl.
ii.
368;
éf
þú
gerir
eigi
meira
af
þér
um
aðra
leika,
unless
you
make
more
of
thyself,
Edda
32;
Svip-
dagr
hafði
mikit
af
sér
gert,
fought
bravely,
Fas.
i.
41;
góðr
(illr)
af
sér,
good
(bad)
of
oneself,
by
nature;
mikill
af
sjálfum
sér,
proud,
bold,
stout,
Nj.
15;
ágætastr
maðr
af
sjálfum
sér,
the
greatest
hero,
Bret.:
góðr
af
ser,
excellent,
Hrafn.
7;
but,
on
the
contrary,
af
sér
kominn,
ruinous,
in
decay;
this
phrase
is
used
of
old
houses
or
buildings,
as
in
Bs.
i.
488
=
Sturl.
l.
c.;
af
sér
kominn
af
mæði
can
also
be
said
of
a
man
fallen
off
from
what
he
used
to
be;
kominn
af
fotum
fram,
off
his
legs
from
age,
Sturl.
i.
223,
Korm.
154
(in
a
verse).
II.
WITH-
OUT
MOTION:
1.
denoting
direction
from,
but
at
the
same
time
continuous
connection
with
an
object
from
which
an
act
or
thing
pro-
ceeds,
from;
tengja
skip
hvárt
fram
af
stafni
annars,
to
tie
the
ships
in
a
line,
stem
to
stern,
Fms.
i.
157,
xi.
111;
svá
at
þeir
tóku
út
af
borðum,
jutted
out
of
the
boards,
of
rafters
or
poles,
iv.
49;
stjarna
ok
af
sem
skaft,
of
a
comet,
ix.
482;
lúka
upp
af
hrossi,
to
open
a
gate
from
off
a
horse,
Grág.
ii.
264;
hon
svarar
af
sínu
sæti
sem
álpt
af
baru,
Fás.
i.
186;
þar
er
sjá
mátti
utau
af
firði,
af
þjóðleið,
that
might
be
seen
from
the
fareway
on
the
sea
when
sailing
in
the
firth,
Hkr.
ii.
64;
þá
mun
hringt
af
(better
at)
Burakirkju,
of
bells
rung
at
the
church,
Fms.
xi.
160;
gengr
þar
af
Meðalfellsströnd,
projects
from,
juts
out,
of
a
promontory,
Ld.
10.
2.
denoting
direction
alone;
upp
af
víkinni
stóð
borg
mikil,
a
burg
inland
from
the
inlet,
Eg.
161;
lokrekkja
innar
af
seti,
a
shut
bed
inward
from
the
benches
in
the
hall,
Ísl.
ii.
262;
kapella
upp
af
konungs
herbergjum,
upwards
from,
Fms.
x.
153;
vindr
stóð
af
landi,
the
wind
stood
off
the
land,
Bárð.
166.
.
metaph.,
stauda
af
e-u,
vide
VI.
4.
.
ellipt.,
hallaði
af
norðr,
of
the
channel,
north
of
a
spot,
Boll.
348;
also,
austr
af,
suðr
af,
vestr
af,
etc.
3.
denoting
absence;
þingheyendr
skulu
eigi
vera
um
nótt
af
þingi
(away
from
the
meeting),
eðr
lengr,
þá
eru
þeir
af
þingi
(away
from
(be
meeting)
ef
þeir
eru
or
(out
of)
þingmarki,
Grág.
i.
25;
vera
um
nótt
af
várþingi,
115;
meðan
hann
er
af
landi
héðan,
abroad,
150.
.
metaph.,
gud
hvíldi
af
öllum
verkum
sínum
á
sjaunda
degi,
rested
from
his
labours,
Ver.
3.
4.
denoting
distance;
þat
er
komit
af
þjóðleið,
out
of
the
high
road,
remote,
Eg.
369;
af
þjóðbraut,
Grág.
ii.
264,
i.
15;
Otradalr
(a
farm)
var
mjök
af
vegi,
far
out
of
the
way,
Háv.
53.
B.
TEMP,
past,
from,
out
of,
beyond:
1.
of
a
person's
age,
in
the
sense
of
having
past
a
period
of
life;
af
ómaga
aldri,
of
age,
able
to
support
oneself,
Grág.
i.
243;
af
aeskualdri,
stricken
in
years,
having
past
the
prime
of
life,
Eg.
202;
lítið
af
barnsaldri,
still
a
child,
Ld.
74;
ek
em
nú
af
léttasia
skeiði,
no
longer
in
the
prime
of
life,
Háv.
40.
2.
of
a
part
or
period
of
time,
past;
eigi
síðar
en
nótt
er
af
þingi,
a
night
of
the
session
past,
Grág.
i.
101;
þá
er
sjau
vikur
eru
af
sumri,
seven
weeks
past
of
the
summer,
182;
tíu
vikur
af
sumri,
Íb.
10;
var
mikit
af
nótt,
much
of
the
night
was
past,
Háv.
41;
mikið
af
vetri,
much
of
the
winter
was
past,
Fas.
ii.
186;
þriðjungr
af
nótt,
a
third
of
the
night
past,
Fms.
x.
160;
stund
af
degi,
etc.;
tveir
mánoðr
af
sumri,
Gþl.
103.
3.
in
adverbial
phrases
such
as,
af
stundu,
soon;
af
bragði,
at
once;
af
tómi,
at
leisure,
at
ease;
af
nýju,
again;
af
skyndingu,
speedily;
af
bráðungu,
in
a
hurry,
etc.
C.
In
various
other
relations:
I.
denoting
the
passage
or
transition
of
an
object,
concrete
or
abstract,
of,
from.
1.
where
a
thing
is
received,
derived
from,
conferred
by
a
person
or
object;
þiggja
lið
af
e-m,
to
derive
help
from,
Edda
26;
taka
traust
af
e-m,
to
receive
sup-
port,
comfort
from,
Fms.
xi.
243;
taka
mála
af
e-m,
to
be
in
one's
pay,
of
a
soldier,
Eg.
266;
halda
land
af
e-m,
to
hold
land
of
any
one,
282;
verða
viss
af
e-m,
to
get
information
from,
57,
Nj.
130;
taka
við
sök
af
manni
(a
law
term),
to
undertake
a
case,
suit,
Grág.
i.
142;
hafa
umboð
af
e-m,
to
be
another's
deputy,
ii.
374;
vera
góðs
(ills)
maklegr
af
e-m,
to
deserve
good
(bad)
of,
Vd.
88
(old
Ed.,
the
new
reads
frá),
Fs.
45;
afla
matar
af
eyjum,
to
derive
supplies
from,
Eb.
12.
2.
where
an
object
is
taken
by
force:
.
prop.
out
of
a
person's
hand;
þú
skalt
hnykkja
smíðit
af
honum,
wrest
it
out
of
his
hand,
Nj.
32;
cp.
taka,
þrífa,
svipta
e-u
(e-t)
af
e-m,
to
wrest
from.
.
metaph.
of
a
person's
deprival
of
anything
in
general;
hann
tók
af
þér
konuna,
carried
thy
wife
off,
Nj.
33;
tók
Gunnarr
af
þér
sáðland
þitt,
robbed
thee
of
seedland,
103;
taka
af
honum
tignina,
to
depose,
degrade
him,
Eg.
271;
vinna
e-t
af
e-m,
to
carry
off
by
force
of
arms,
conquer,
Fms.
iii.
29;
drepa
menu
af
e-m,
for
one,
slay
one's
man,
Eg.
417;
fell
þar
lið
mart
af
Eyvindi,
many
of
Eyvind's
people
fell
there,
261.
.
in
such
phrases
as,
hyggja
af
e-u
(v.
afhuga),
hugsa
af
e-u,
to
forget;
hyggja
af
harmi;
sjá
af
e-u,
to
lose,
miss;
var
svá
ástúðigt
með
þeim,
at
livargi
þóttist
mega
af
öðrum
sjá,
neither
of
them
could
take
his
eyes
off
the
other,
Sturl.
i.
194;
svá
er
mörg
við
ver
sinn
vær,
at
varla
um
sér
hon
af
hoiuun
nær,
Skálda
163.
3.
de-
noting
forfeiture;
þá
eru
þeir
útlagir,
ok
af
goðorði
sínu,
have
forfeited
their
priesthood,
Grág.
i.
24;
telja
hann
af
ráðunum
fjár
síns
alls,
to
oust
one,
on
account
of
idiocy
or
madness,
176;
verða
af
kaupi,
to
be
off
the
bargain,
Edda
26;
þá
skalt
þú
af
allri
fjárheimtunni,
forfeit
all
the
claim,
Nj.
15;
ek
skal
stefna
þér
af
konunni,
summon
thee
to
for-
feit,
a
case
of
divorce,
id.;
ella
er
hann
af
rettarfari
um
hana,
has
for-
feited
the
suit,
Grág.
i.
381.
.
ellipt.,
af
ferr
eindagi
ef,
is
forfeited,
Grág.
i.
140.
II.
denoting
relation
of
a
part
to
a
whole,
off,
of,
Lat.
de;
höggva
hönd,
höfuð,
fót
af
e-um,
to
cut
one's
hand,
head,
foot
off,
Nj.
97,
92,
Bs.
i.
674;
höggva
spjót
af
skapti,
to
sever
the
blade
from
the
shaft,
264;
hann
lét
þá
ekki
hafa
af
föðurarfi
sínum,
nothing
of
their
patrimony,
Eg.
25;
vil
ek
at
þú
takir
slíkt
sem
þér
líkar
af
varningi,
take
what
you
like
of
the
stores,
Nj.
4;
at
þú
eignist
slíkt
af
fé
okkru
sem
þú
vili,
94.
.
ellipt.,
en
nú
höfum
vér
kjörit,
en
þat
er
af
kross-
inum,
a
slice
of,
Fms.
vii.
89;
þórðr
gaf
Skólm
frænda
sínum
af
landnámi
sínu,
a
part
of,
Landn.
211;
hafði
hann
þat
af
hans
eigu
er
hann
vildi,
Sturl.
ii.
169;
þar
lá
forkr
einn
ok
brotið
af
endanum,
the
point
broken
off,
Háv.
24,
Sturl.
i.
169.
.
absol.
off;
beit
hann
höndina
af,
þar
sem
nú
heitir
úlfliðr,
bit
the
hand
off,
Edda
17;
fauk
af
höfuðit,
the
head
flew
off,
Nj.
97;
jafnt
er
sem
þér
synist,
af
er
fótrinn,
the
foot
is
off,
id.;
af
bæði
eyru,
both
ears
off,
Vm.
29.
2.
with
the
notion
of
--
among;
mestr
skörungr
af
konum
á
Norðrlöndum,
the
greatest
heroine
in
the
North,
Fms.
i.
116;
hinn
efniligasti
maðr
af
ungum
mönnum
í
Aust-
fjörðum,
the
most
hopeful
of
youths
in
the
Eastfirths,
Njarð.
364;
af
(among)
öllurn
hirðmönnuni
virði
konungr
mest
skáld
sín,
Eg.
27;
ef
hann
vildi
nokkura
kaupa
af
þessum
konum,
Ld.
30;
ör
liggr
þar
útiá
vegginum,
ok
er
sú
af
þeirra
örum,
one
of
their
own
arrows,
Nj.
115.
.
from,
among,
belonging
to;
guð
kaus
hana
af
ollum
konum
sér
til
móður,
of
the
Virgin
Mary,
Mar.
A.
i.
27.
.
metaph.,
kunna
mikit
(lítið)
af
e-u,
to
know
much,
little
of,
Bragi
kann
mest
af
skáldskap,
is
more
cunning
of
poetry
than
any
one
else,
Edda
17.
.
absol.
out
of,
before,
in
prefer-
ence
to
all
others;
Gunnarr
bauð
þér
góð
boð,
en
þú
vildir
eingi
af
taka,
you
would
choose
none
of
them,
Nj.
77;
ráða
e-t
af,
to
decide;
þó
mun
faðir
minn
mestu
af
ráða,
all
depends
upon
him,
Ld.
22;
konungr
kveðst
því
mundu
heldr
af
trúa,
preferred
believing
that
of
the
two,
Eg.
55;
var
honum
ekki
vildara
af
ván,
he
could
expect
nothing
better,
364.
3.
with
the
additional
sense
of
instrumentality,
with;
ferma
skip
af
e-u,
to
freight
a
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with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3. III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287. 2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-ti (to dispose of), verða af (become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af